Artificial Intelligence: Systematic Prejudices. An Investigation into Bias Against Women and Girls in Large Language Models

This study explores biases in three significant large language models (LLMs): OpenAI’s GPT-2
and ChatGPT, along with Meta’s Llama 2, highlighting their role in both advanced decision-making
systems and as user-facing conversational agents. Across multiple studies, the brief reveals how
biases emerge in the text generated by LLMs, through gendered word associations, positive or
negative regard for gendered subjects, or diversity in text generated by gender and culture.